Disc prolapse, also known as a herniated or slipped disc, occurs when the soft inner gel-like core (nucleus pulposus) of an intervertebral disc protrudes through the tough outer layer (annulus fibrosus). This can press on nearby nerves, causing pain and other symptoms.

Symptoms can include localized back pain, radiating pain down the arms or legs (depending on the location of the prolapsed disc), numbness or tingling, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, loss of bladder or bowel control.

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, medical history review, and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to visualize the extent of the disc herniation and its impact on surrounding structures. Additional tests like nerve conduction studies may be used to assess nerve function.

Treatment varies based on severity and includes conservative approaches like physical therapy, pain medications, anti-inflammatory drugs, and lifestyle modifications. If conservative treatments are ineffective, more invasive options like epidural steroid injections or surgery (e.g., discectomy, laminectomy) may be considered to relieve pressure on the affected nerves.

Preventing disc prolapse involves maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise to strengthen the back and core muscles, practicing good posture, using proper techniques when lifting heavy objects, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking. Staying active and flexible can help reduce the risk of disc injury. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider can also help detect early signs and prevent progression.