Spondylolisthesis is a condition in which one of the vertebrae in the spine slips out of place onto the vertebra below it. This can lead to back pain, nerve compression, and other related symptoms.

Symptoms can include lower back pain, stiffness, pain radiating to the legs (sciatica), muscle tightness or weakness in the lower back and legs, and in severe cases, difficulty walking or loss of bladder or bowel control.

Causes can include congenital defects in the spine, spinal injuries, repetitive stress or overuse (common in athletes), degenerative changes due to aging, and conditions such as arthritis or osteoporosis. Genetic factors may also play a role.

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, assessment of symptoms, and imaging tests such as X-rays, MRI, or CT scans to determine the degree of vertebral slippage and evaluate any associated nerve compression or other spinal abnormalities.

Treatment options vary based on the severity of the condition and may include rest, physical therapy, pain relief medications, bracing to stabilize the spine, and lifestyle modifications to reduce strain on the back. In severe cases, surgical intervention such as spinal fusion may be necessary to correct the slippage and alleviate symptoms.