Spondylolisthesis reduction and fusion is a surgical procedure aimed at correcting the abnormal forward slippage of a vertebra over the one below it (spondylolisthesis) and stabilizing the spine by fusing the affected vertebrae together. This helps to alleviate pain, restore alignment, and prevent further slippage.

This procedure is recommended when conservative treatments such as physical therapy, medications, and bracing fail to relieve symptoms, or when the slippage is severe, causing significant pain, nerve compression, or spinal instability. It is also considered if the patient experiences progressive neurological deficits.

The surgery typically involves two main steps: reduction and fusion. During the reduction, the slipped vertebra is carefully realigned to its proper position. In the fusion step, bone grafts (from the patient or a donor) and/or synthetic materials are placed between the affected vertebrae to promote bone growth, creating a solid bridge that fuses the vertebrae together. Metal screws, rods, or plates may be used to stabilize the spine during the healing process.

Recovery involves a hospital stay of a few days, during which pain is managed and mobility is gradually encouraged. Patients may need to wear a brace for several weeks to support the spine. Physical therapy is an essential part of recovery to strengthen the back muscles, improve flexibility, and aid in the return to normal activities. Full recovery and fusion can take several months to a year.

As with any surgery, there are potential risks and complications, including infection, blood clots, nerve damage, bleeding, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. Specific to spinal fusion, there is a risk of non-union (failure of the vertebrae to fuse), hardware failure, adjacent segment disease (degeneration of the discs above or below the fused segment), and persistent pain. It is important to discuss these risks with the surgeon before the procedure.